Bibliography for Conspiracy to Murder. The Rwandan Genocide.

Articles, Books, and Papers

Adelman, Howard, and Astri Suhrke. The Path of a Genocide: The Rwandan Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

Adelman, Howard, and Astri Suhrke with Bruce D. Jones. Early Warning and Conflict Management in Rwanda: Report of Study II of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance in Rwanda. Copenhagen: DANIDA, 1996.

Les crises politiques au Burundi et au Rwanda, 1993-1994, by André Guichaoua. Lille: Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 1995: 185-210.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. An Agenda for Peace, 1995: With the New Supplement and Related UN Documents. New York: United Nations, 1995.

Braekman, Collette. Rwanda: Histoire d'un genocide. Paris: Fayard, i994.

Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. Preventing Deadly Conflict: Final Report. Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1997.

Chrétien, Jean-Pierre.

Dallaire, Romeo A. "The Changing Role of UN Peacekeeping Forces: The Relationship Between UN Peacekeepers and NGOs in Rwanda.” In After Rwanda: The Co-ordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance. Ed. Jim Whitman and David Pocock. London: Macmillan Press 1996, 205-218.

De Waal, Alex. “Genocide in Rwanda.” Anthropology Today 10, 3 (June 1994): 1-2.

"The Genocidal State: Hutu Extremism and the Origins of the 'Final Solution’ in Rwanda." Times Literary Supplement, 1 July 1994.

De Waal, Alex, and Rakiya Omar. "Humanitarianism Unbound?" African Rights, Discussion Paper No. 5, November 1994.

"The Genocide in Rwanda and the International Response." Current History (April 1995): 156-161.

Des Forges, Alison L. “Burundi: A Failed or a Creeping Coup?” Current History 93 (May 1994): 203-7.

Leave None to Tell the Story. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999.

"Shame: Rationalizing Western Apathy on Rwanda.” Foreign Affairs 79, 3 (May / June 2000): 141-144.

Rwanda: The Co-ordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance. Ed. Jim Whitman and David Peacock. London: Macmillan Press, 1996, 35-50.

Destexhe, A. "The Third Genocide” Foreign Policy 97 ( Winter 1994-1995): 3-17.

Durch, William, ed. UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

Fein, Helen. Genocide Watch. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Gourevitch, Philip. "Zaire's Killer Camps." New York Times, 28 October 1996: 19, col 2.

'Letter from Rwanda: The Return." The New Yorker 72, 43, 20 January 1997: 44.

"The Genocide Fax." The New Yorker 74, .11, 5 November 1998: 42.

"The Beautiful Land of Death." The Guardian, 6 March 1999.

"The Psychology of Slaughter." New York Times, 7 March 1999: I5, col. 1.

Gurr, Ted R., and Barbara Harff. "Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases." International Studies Quarterly 32, 3 (September 1988): 359-371.

Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Joint Evaluation. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1995.

"Overseas Development Assistance to Rwanda." Background Paper, Study III, Joint Evaluation. Copenhagen: DANIDA, 1996.

Hilsum, Lindsey. "Where is Kigali?" Special issue of Granta 51, "Big Men" (Autumn 1995): 145-179.

Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda. The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience: Synthesis Report. Copenhagen: DANIDA, March 1996.

Jones, Bruce D. "'Intervention Without Borders': Humanitarian Intervention in Rwanda, 1990-1994." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 24, 2 (Summer 1995): 225-249.

"NGOs in Complex Emergencies: The Case of Rwanda." Ottawa: CARE Canada, 1996.

"Civil War, the Peace Process, and Genocide in Rwanda." In Civil Wars in Africa: Their Roots and Their Resolution. Ed. Robert O. Matthews and Taisier Ali. Toronto: McGill-Queens University Press, 1999, 53-86.

"Security in the Zaire Refugee Camps." Background Paper, Study II, Joint Evaluation.

"The Arusha Peace Process: Preventive Diplomacy?" Background Paper, Study II, Joint Evaluation.

"The Arusha Peace Process." In The Path of a Genocide: The Rwandan Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. Ed. Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999.

“Military Intervention in Rwanda's 'Two Wars': Partisanship and Indifference." In Civil War; Insecurity, and Intervention. Ed. Jack Snydar and Barbara Walter. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, 116-145.

"Strategic Coordination and Peace Implementation: Assessing the Policy Challenge." In Peace Implementation: Themes, Issues and Challenges. Ed. Stephen Stedman et al. Forthcoming, 2001.

Keane, Fergal. Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey. London: Viking, 1995.

Kuperman, Alan J. "Rwanda in Retrospect." Foreign Affairs 79, 1 (January/February 2000): 94-118.

LaRose-Edwards, Paul. "The Rwandan Crisis of April 1994: The Lessons Learned." Report for Regional Security and Peacekeeping Division (IDC) International Security, Arms Control, and CSCE Affairs Bureau, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, Canada, November 1994.

Leitenberg, Milton. "Rwanda, 1994: International Incompetence Produces Genocide." Peacekeeping and International Relations 23, 6 (November/ December 1994): 6-10.

Lemarchand, René. "Burundi: The Politics of Ethnic Amnesia." In Genocide Watch. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, 70-86.

"Burundi in Comparative Perspective: Dimensions of Ethnic Strife." The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts. Ed. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary. London: Routledge, 1993, 151-171.

Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Burundi: Ethnocide as Discourse and Practice. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

"Managing Transition Anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, 4 (December 1994): 581-604.

David M. Malone, ed., The UN Security Council: from the Cold War to the twenty first century, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004.

Mamdani, Mahmood.

Minear, Larry, and Thomas G. Weiss. Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.

Newbury, Catherine. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860-1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

“Rwanda: Recent Debates ever Governance and Rural Development." In Governance and Politics in Africa. Ed. Göran Hydén and Michael Bratton. Boulder." Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992, 193-220.

Newbary, David. Kings and Clans: Ijwwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

"Trick Cyclists? Recontextualizing Rwandan Dynastic Chronology.” History in Africa 21 (1994): 19l-218.

Omar, Rakiya. "A Bitter Harvest." The Guardian, 30 April 1997: 21.

Ould-Abdallah, Ahmedou. Burundi on the Brink: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2000.

Prunier, Gérard. The Rwandan Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York Columbia University Press, 1995.

"Operation Turquoise and the French Role in Rwanda." Presentation for the Workshop for Study II, Joint Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Refugees, December 1995.

"The Great Lakes Crisis." Current History 96, 610 (May 1997): 193-199.

Reyntjens, Filip. "Les éléctions rwandaises du 26 décembre 1983: considérations juridiques et politiques." Mois en Afrique 223-224 (August-September 1984): 18-28.

"Pouvoir et droit au Rwanda: Droit public et évolution politique, 1916-1973."

Teruven, Belgique: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, 1985.

"The Proof of the Pudding Is in the Eating: The June 1993 Elections in Burundi."

Journal of Modern African Studies 31, 4 (December 1993): 563-584.

L'Afrique des Grands Lacs en Crise: Rwanda et Burundi, 1990-1994. Paris: Khartala, 1994.

Trois jours qui ont fait basculer l'histoire. Bruxelles: CEDAF, 1995.

Burundi. London: Minority Rights Group, 1996.

"Rwanda." Special issue of Journal of Refugee Studies 9, 3 (September 1996).

Savir, Uri. The Process: 1100 Days That Changed the Middle East. New York: Random House, 1998.

Shaw, Timothy, and Olajide Aluko, eds. The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy: Comparative Analysis. Aldershot, UK: Gower, 1985.

Shoumatoff, Alex: "Mobutu's Final Days," Vanity Fair 444, August 1997: 92.

Smith, Patrick. "Africa at Trigger-Point.” The Observer, 18 May 1997: 27.

Smock, David R., ed. Making War and Waging Peace." Foreign Intervention in Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute for Peace Press, 1993.

Sommers, Marc. "Representing Refugees: The Role of Elites in Burundi Refugee Society." Disasters 19, 1 (March 1995): 19-25.

Speke, John Hanning. Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. London, 1863.

Suhrke, Astri. "Facing Genocide: The Record of the Belgian Battalion in Rwanda" Security Dialogue, 29, 1 (1998): 37-47

Suhrke, Astri, and Bruce D. Jones "Preventive Diplomacy in Rwanda: Failure to Act, or Failure of Actions." In Opportunities Missed• Opportunities Seized. Lanham. Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.

Tekle, Amare. "The Organization for African Unity and Conflict Prevention, Management, and Resolution." Study II Joint Evaluation. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, December 1995.

"The OAU: Conflict Prevention, Management, and Resolution" In The Path of a Genocide: The Rwandan Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. Ed. Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999, 111-130.

Touval, Saadia. "Biased Intermediaries: Theoretical and Historical Considerations." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 1, l (1975): 51-79.

Touval, Saadia, and I. William Zartman. International Mediation in Theory and Practice. SAIS Papers: International Affairs 6: Boulder: Westview Press, 1985.

Uvin, Peter "Tragedy in Rwanda: The Political Ecology of Conflict." Environment 38, 3 (April 1996): 7-15.

"Development, Aid, and Conflict: Reflections from the Case of Rwanda." Helsinki, Finland: UNU/Wider, December 1996.

Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda• West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998.

Vaccaro, J. Matthew. The Politics of Genocide. Peacekeeping and Disaster Relief in Rwanda." In UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. 1st ed. Ed. William S. Dutch. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996, 367-407.

Vail, Leroy, ed. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. London: James Currey, 1988.

Van der Meeren, Rachel. "Rwanda and Burundi: The Refugee Angle on Long Term Problems." Unpublished paper 1996.

Three Decades in Exile: Rwandan refugees, 1960-1990”. Journal of Refugee Studies 9 (1996): 252-267.

Vassall-Adams, Guy. Rwanda: An Agenda for International Action. Oxford: Oxfam Publications, 1994.

Verschave, Francois-Xavier, Complicite de génocide? La politique de la France au Rwanda. Paris: La Décotzverte, 1994.

Verschave, Francois-Xavier, and Claudine Vidal. "France-Rwanda: l’engrenage d'un génocide." Rapport péparé pour l’observatoire permanent de la coopération française. Paris. 19 septembre 1994.

Waller, David. Rwanda: Which Way Now. Oxford: Oxfam, 1993.

Watson, Catherine. Background to an Invasion. Washington, DC: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1992.

Whitman, Jim, and David Pocock, eds. After Rwanda: The Co-ordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance. London: Macmillan Press, 1996.


Woodward, Susan. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995.

NGO and Government Documents

Action Aid. "Conference Report: Understanding the Great Lakes Crisis.” Nairobi, Kenya, 12 February 1997.

African Rights. "Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multi-Mandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies." Discussion Paper No. 5, 1994.

Amnesty International "Crisis in Eastern Zaire." London, 8 November 1996.

"Great Lakes Region Still in Need of Protection: Repatriation, Refoulement, and the Safety of Refugees and the Internally Displaced." London, 24 January 1997.

Appathurai, James, and Ralph Hnatyshyn. "Lessons Learned from the Zaire Mission." Report on Canadian Government [MNF] Mission to Zaire and Briefing on Follow Up Meeting by Martin Griffiths. Ottawa, May 1997.

Bedford, Eleanor. "Site Visit to Eastern Congo/Zaire: Analysis of Humanitarian and Political Issues." U.S. Committee for Refugees. Site Visit Notes. 10 April-10 May 1997.

CARE Canada. Internal Reports, 1992-1994. Ottawa, 1992-1994.

CARE Rwanda. Internal Reports, 1992-1993. Kigali, Rwanda, 1992-1993.

Annual Report. Ottawa, December 1993.

Commission Internationale d'Enquette sur les Violations des Droits de l'Homme au Burundi depuis le 21 octobre 1993. Rapport Final. New York and Paris, July 1994.

Council on Foreign Relations. "'A Strategy for the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa." New York, 31 March 1997.

Democratic Party. "Musevani, Buyoya, Mwinyi: Stop strangling the Sovereign Republic of Rwanda." DP/IR/04/93. Report by John Lusingu, International Relations Secretary. Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, 31 March 1993.

European Community Humanitarian Office. Operation Survey of URG/RW/ 7=93/207: "Humanitarian Aid to Displaced People in Rwanda." Brussels, 20-30 November 1993.

Executive Committee of Rwandaphone Zairians Association. "Memorandum On the Tragedy of the Rwandophone Zairians with Some Proposals and Recommendations." Nairobi, Kenya, June 1996.

Government of France, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Terms of Reference, Opération Turquoise." Paris, July 1994.

Government of Holland. "Report of the Zairian Camp Security Contingent.” Dutch Police Contingent. Unofficial document: Coma. Zaire, March 1995.

Human Rights Watch Arms Project. "Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War." 6, 1, New York, January 1994

Human Rights Watch/Africa. "Rwanda: Talking Peace and Waging War: Human Rights since the October 1990 Invasion." 4, 3, London, 27 February 1992.

"Beyond the Rhetoric: Continuing Human Rights Abuses in Rwanda." 5, 7, London, June 1993.

“Report of the International Commission of Investigation on Human Rights Violations in Rwanda since October 1, 1990: Final Report." London, March 1993.

"Genocide in Rwanda April-May 1994." 6, 4, New York, May 1994.

Médecins sans Frontiéres. "Forced Flight: A Brutal Strategy of Elimination in Eastern Zaire." Paris, 16 May 1997.

Museveni, Hon. Mr. Y. K. Address to the National Assembly of South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa, 27 May 1997.

Organization for African Unity. JPMC/RWD/OAU/1 (I) Rev.2, "Rules of Procedure for the Joint Political-Military Commission (JPMC)." Arusha, Tanzania, October 1993.

JPMC/RWD/OAU/2 (I), "Terms of Reference of the Neutral Military Observer Group." Arusha, Tanzania, October 1993.

Physicians for Human Rights. "Rwanda 1994: A Report of the Genocide." San Francisco, October 1994.

"Investigations in Eastern Congo and Western Rwanda: A Report by Physicians for Human Rights." San Francisco, July 1997.

Refugees International. "The Lost Refugees: Herded and Hunted in Eastern Zaire.' Washington, DC, September 1997.

U.S. Committee for Refugees. "From Coup to Coup: Thirty Years of Death, Fear, and Displacement in Burundi." Washington, DC, September 1996.